How Landowners Can Help Gopher Tortoise Conservation in the Florida Panhandle

Samantha M. Wisely, Wildlife Extension Specialist, Dept. of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida

The gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus¸ (Figure 1) is native to the Southeastern United States, and Florida has the some of the largest populations. The extensive longleaf pine ecosystems, large scale use of prescribed fire and cattle grazing make the Panhandle one of the best regions for maintaining gopher tortoise populations.

Figure 1. A gopher tortoise in grassy habitat. Credit: AdobeStock_136064650

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Gopher tortoises are long-lived reptiles that can live between 40 to 60 years old in the wild, and they are essential to the health of upland ecosystems. Gopher tortoises inhabit dry, sandy uplands such as longleaf pine forests, scrub, and coastal dunes. They are considered a keystone species because their burrows (Figure 2) provide shelter for over 350 other species, including insects, amphibians, and small mammals. Although the species is not federally protected, Florida considers it a threatened species because of habitat loss, fragmentation, and human encroachment. Both the tortoise and its burrow are protected under state law.

Figure 2. Florida Gopher Tortoise at the entrance to its burrow. Credit AdobeStock_1569530894

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The Crucial Role of Landowners

Private landowners, particularly those managing ranches and forests, are vital to the long-term survival of the gopher tortoise. In Florida, over 70% of land is privately owned, making landowner participation in conservation efforts essential. Maintaining open canopy, reducing bushy encroachment and promoting a grass understory create habitat that allows tortoises to forage and make burrows.  Prescribed fire, in particular, is a cornerstone of habitat management, as it prevents woody plant overgrowth and promotes the growth of herbaceous plants that tortoises rely on for food.  Cattle grazing can mimic the ecological effects of natural disturbances like fire, maintaining the open, grassy habitats that tortoises prefer. Light to moderate grazing can reduce shrub encroachment and promote herbaceous plant diversity, benefiting both tortoises and other wildlife.

The key to pastures that support tortoises is to prevent overgrazing which can degrade habitat quality. Excessive trampling can collapse burrows, compact soil, and reduce plant diversity. Additionally, the use of heavy machinery and fencing can fragment tortoise habitat and restrict movement. The following are some tips to manage for gopher tortoises on your property.

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Habitat Management

• Maintaining Open Habitats: Gopher tortoises prefer open, sunny areas with sandy soils. Prescribed fire, a natural part of these ecosystems, helps control woody vegetation and promote the growth of herbaceous plants that tortoises feed on.
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• Sustainable Grazing: Adjust stocking rates and implement prescribed grazing systems that maintain adequate vegetative cover, benefiting both cattle and tortoises.
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• Thinning of Pines: In pine stands, thinning helps maintain open conditions by allowing sunlight to reach the ground, promoting the growth of forage plants for tortoises.

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Protection during Ranching Operations

• Avoiding Burrows: Heavy equipment should stay at least 4 meters (13 feet) away from known gopher tortoise burrow entrances.
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• Timing of Activities: When feasible, activities in tortoise habitat should be planned for the dormant season (October through April) when tortoises are less likely to be encountered above ground.
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• Minimizing Disturbance: Using low-pressure tires during timber operations and avoiding roller chopping to prevent excessive mulch buildup can minimize disturbance to soil structure and groundcover.

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Unique Conservation Opportunities

Because the Panhandle has large tracts of undeveloped land, it presents unique opportunities for landscape-scale conservation. Landowners in the region can play a pivotal role by implementing best management practices for tortoise conservation.

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Helpful Links

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Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission information about gopher tortoise biology and regulations

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Best management practices for maintaining gopher tortoise habitat

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Gopher Tortoise Council